The Best Way to Download Bitcoin Blocks and Learn About the Blockchain
Once a new node joins the network, its first order of business is to download and validate the entire blockchain. This is an integral step to the distributed nature of bitcoin because only by doing this can a node claim that it has independently validated all transactions.
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As the blockchain grows in size, the time required for IBD increases unless optimizations are made to the code. Various optimizations have been made since Satoshi's original client was released, but as of 2014, with increasing transaction volume, initial download on laptop hardware with an average connection could still take up to 24 hours. Developers agreed that this was unacceptable and a new approach was developed called "headers first" mode. This approach resulted in a substantial speedup.
With "headers-first" mode, a new node downloads all of the block headers first, which are very small (about 80 bytes, whereas a block can be up to 1MB). Once the node has all of the headers, from the genesis block up to the current tip of the blockchain (380,000 as of October 2015), only then does it begins downloading the full blocks.
Now that it has the headers, the node downloads blocks in parallel from multiple peers. (It downloads headers from only one peer, but that's no big deal since headers are small.) The node will download from up to 8 peers at once and will disconnect any peer that stalls for more 2 seconds, attempting to connect to a faster peer.
In normal operation, we would generally expect to be within a few blocks of our peers. Thus, the vector starts with the 10 last block hashes before "jumping back" exponentially. Thus the comment "the futher back it is, the futher before the fork it might be:" what is meant is that firstly, if you and your peer are within 10 blocks of one another, the fork point will be included in the list of hashes. If you and your peer are 15 blocks away from one another, you'll surely find a common block that's within a few blocks of the fork point and only one further iteration of Locator will be reuqired to find the fork point. However, if you and your peer diverge by 10,000 blocks, the Locator may only find a common trunk that's a few hundred (or more) blocks before the fork point, so another two or three Locator objects will need to be exchanged to zero in on the fork point.
3) Timestamp not-too-early: Here, we check that the block's timestamp is not prior to the previous block's median time (of the previous 11 blocks). This guarantees that the median time continues to advance from block to block. Obviously, this check is context-dependent because it requires knowledge of prior blocks in the active chain, which is obtained by retrieving the block from mapBlockIndex. For more info, see [BIP 113].
The download code uses a "moving window" of 1024 blocks. The idea is that although you are downloading different chunks from multiple peers, at any given time the blocks you are downloading are fairly close together. The main purpose of this is so that blocks that are near one another on the blockchain are most likely contained in the same .dat file (where the raw block data is stored on disk). One advantage of having a correlation between blockchain location and block file location is that if the node chooses to "prune" block data at a later date, it's easier to delete older block files.
The second circumstance where we will disconnect a peer is where the peer manages to stall your entire download by preventing the moving window from progressing. Imagine your moving window is blocks 1000 to 2024 and you've downloaded everything from 1016 to 2024, but are waiting for Alice to serve up 1000 to 1016, which you may have requsted a few minutes earlier. In this siutation, if Alice continues to stall the moving window for 2 seconds, you will drop Alice and replace her with a more reliable peer. In the mantime, your node will request blocks 1000 to 1016 from one of your other peers so your moving window can start moving again.
Requesting blocks is handled by sending out a "getdata" message (see main.cpp:5137 in v0.11). A "getdata" message is used to pack a vector of "inv" messages and send as a group. Thus, we can request 16 blocks from the peer with one network message, as opposed to sending 16 separate "inv" messages.
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What blocks do we request? The code to figure that out is in FindNextBlocksToDownload; it uses a block locator to figure out the last block we have in common with this peer, and starts from there. A block locator is a homemade algorithm that efficiently finds the fork point between our node and a given peer. The locator will pack a list of 32 blocks, starting with the last 10 (since in steady-state we are usually within 10 blocks of our peers), and then jumping back exponentially. (chain.cpp:25).
If the side chain has blocks than fits in the network buffer this does not seem to work. getblocks(locator(dChainHead), rChainHead) will not return enough blocks for the Downloader to switch chains. If the Downloader does not switch chains, it will send the same getblocks message again.
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After taking an initial download of the full blockchain from the first block in 2009 for Bitcoin and in 2015 for Ethereum, an on-chain listener continuously delivers new data to the public Amazon S3 bucket that provides the open datasets. The blockchain data is then transformed into multiple tables as compressed Parquet files partitioned by date to allow efficient access for most common analytics queries.
Bitcoin has been around since January 2009 and Ethereum since July 2015. On average, a new Bitcoin block is created every ten minutes. New Ethereum blocks are created every 12-14 seconds. Every block has a time stamp, and we can identify the closest block for any given time in the last 13 years. In our example, we pick a birth time of 2016-01-14 18:23 UTC.
Initial Block Download (IBD) is the process of building the full Bitcoin blockchain from scratch. When a new node is set up and joins the network, it connects to other nodes and asks them for blocks. The new node processes these blocks and builds the blockchain until it has caught up and is in sync with the network.
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Start Bitcoin.Make sure it downloaded the blocks that you need by executing $ bitcoin-cli getblockchaininfo in the terminal.You can export blocks below blocks, there is no need to wait until the full sync
This command is guaranteed to return the block range that covers all blocks with block.time on the specifieddate. However the returned block range may also contain blocks outside the specified date, because block times are notmonotonic You can filterblocks.json/transactions.json with the below command:
I want to get the raw or hex version of a bitcoin block by its block number or block hash, but there seems to be no block explorer that does this.I found an answer introducing this URL: =hex but it doesn't seem to work. particularly I want the raw or hex of block number 6425.
Bitcoin Core requires a one-time download of about 500GB of data plus a further 5-10GB per month. By default, you will need to store all of that data, but if you enable pruning, you can store as little as 6GB total without sacrificing any security. For more information about setting up Bitcoin Core, please read the full node guide.
Download verification is optional but highly recommended. Performing the verification steps here ensures that you have not downloaded an unexpected or tampered version of Bitcoin, which may result in loss of funds.
Ensure that the checksum produced by the command above matches one of the checksums listed in the checksums file you downloaded earlier. We recommend that you check every character of the two checksums to ensure they match. You can see the checksums you downloaded by running the following command:
Bitcoin releases are signed by a number of individuals, each with a unique public key. In order to recognize the validity of signatures, you must use GPG to load these public keys locally. You can find many developer keys listed in the bitcoin-core/guix.sigs repository, which you can then load into your GPG key database.